With respect to the inhibitory activity tested on various pharmacologically relevant enzymes, interesting anti-acetylcholinesterase (0.32 ± 0.03–3.32 ± 0.12 mg galanthamine equivalents/g), anti-butyrylcholinesterase (0.88 ± 0.06–5.85 ± 0.16 mg galanthamine equivalents/g) and anti-tyrosinase (21.84 ± 0.21–61.94 ± 2.86 mg kojic acid equivalents/g) properties were noticed. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity showed potent scavenging activity against synthetic radicals, cupric ion reducing (37.60 ± 0.15–436.26 ± 7.12 mg Trolox equivalents/g), ferric ion reducing (21.01 ± 0.74–229.99 ± 3.86 mg Trolox equivalents/g) and chelating capacity in general, the leaf extracts displayed superior antioxidant effects than the corresponding root extracts. The liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS)-based phytochemical profiling revealed a number of 29 distinct compounds, such as phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, globoidnan B, rabdosiin, globoidnan A), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin derivatives, luteolin, apigenin), pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g., intermedine– N-oxide, lycopsamine- N-oxide, symphytine- N-oxide), organic and oxygenated unsaturated fatty acids. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts obtained from the leaves and roots of S. ibericum Steven, a perennial Boraginaceae plant distributed in the Northeastern Turkey and Caucasus region.

However, to date there are no previous comprehensive phytochemical characterization and multi-biological evaluation of S. In the recent years, considerable research efforts were put into assessing the chemico-biological profile of unexploited Symphytum species, with the aim to extend the medicinal valences of the genus to new pharmacological applications. (comfrey, Boraginaceae) has a longstanding use as a remedy to alleviate the clinical symptomatology in arthritis, strains, contusions or sprains. Mededeling van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud n° 20: 227 p.Symphytum L. (2002) Ingeburgerde plantensoorten in Vlaanderen. Most authors now consider this species to be conspecific with Symphytum ibericum. It is still much confused with Symphytum x hidcotense, its hybrid with S. Symphytum grandiflorum always grows in shady, slightly damp habitats (mainly deciduous woodland and hedges) and tends to spread fast (stoloniferous perennial).

Since then more regularly observed and by now known from several localities, for instance, in the Kempen (see: for an up-to-date overview for Flanders).

Also discovered in more or less disturbed woodland (discarded garden waste,…) in Houthulst in 2001 (confirmed and slightly spreading in 2008). Two additional populations were discovered in 2007 in a nearby sunken road towards Broekom, more than one kilometer away from the castle. Recorded since at least 1999 in woodland near a castle in Heks (Borgloon), apparently as a feudal plant (Verloove 2002). ibericum Steven) (Caucasus) – A very rare but increasing, locally naturalized garden throw-out, escape from or relic of cultivation.

Symphytum grandiflorum wiki